4.2.1 Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) Activation Threshold
When renal arteriolar perfusion pressure drops or sympathetic activity surges, macula densa cells sense reduced NaCl delivery, stimulating juxtaglomerular cells to release Renin. Renin cleaves angiotensinogen into Ang I, converted by pulmonary endothelial ACE into potent vasoconstrictor Ang II, which stimulates adrenal cortex aldosterone release, promoting sodium retention and elevating systemic blood pressure.
📍 RAAS Pathway Anchor (p.86)
4.2.2 Intervening Factors in Proximate Causation Standards
Where third-party conduct, victim actions, or natural events intervene between the initial act and resulting harm, proximate causation hinges on two factors: the anomaly of the intervening cause, and its independent causal potency. If the initial act generated severe peril and the intervening factor was foreseeable, causation remains intact.
📍 Intervening Causation Anchor (p.87)
4.2.3 Self-Attention Mechanism & Multi-Head Computational Complexity
Scaled Dot-Product Attention is computed via Attention(Q, K, V) = softmax(QK^T / sqrt(d_k))V. Multi-Head Attention allows joint representation from different subspaces. For a sequence length of n, time and space complexity scale as O(n^2), presenting the primary computational bottleneck for long-context modeling.
📍 Attention Complexity Anchor (p.88)